Browsing by Author "Odda, J."

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Heavy Metal Accumulation in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown on Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) Contaminated Soil Amended with Treated Composted Sewage Biosolid
(Scientific Research publishing, 2018-10) Nakiguli, C. K.; Namakula, B.; Odda, J.; Wasswa, J.; Ntambi, E.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the heavy metal accumulation in maize ( Zea mays L.) plant grown in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) soil amended with treated composted sewage biosolid. The initial concentrations of chromium, copper, arsenate in the CCA soil and sewage biosolid were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These were found to be, in CCA soil: 365.8 ± 6.18, 109.22 ± 14.04, 28.22 ± 3.8 and in sewage biosolid: 35 ± 1.06, 1.0 ± 0.02, 0 mg∙kg −1 respectively. The concentration of Cr, Cu and As determined in both the roots and shoots generally decreased with increase in percentage amendment concentration and number of days (20 and 40 days after planting). At 20 days, the total metal concentration ranges in roots were As (5.54 ± 0.03 - 6.69 ± 1.14), Cr (9.59 ± 0.02 - 13.22 ± 0.03), Cu (2.28 ± 0.06 - 4.53 ± 0.37) mg∙kg −1 while at 40 days the values were As (5.60 ± 0.19 - 6.08 ± 0.01), Cr (9.47 ± 0.04 - 10.95 ± 0.09), Cu (3.94 ± 0.19 - 4.64 ± 0.07) mg∙kg −1 . For the shoot system, the concentrations of the metals at 20 days were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.90 ± 0.13), Cr (9.30 ± 0.05 - 10.07 ± 0.06), Cu (3.64 ± 0.12 - 4.72 ± 0.15) mg/kg while at 40 days the values obtained were As (5.28 ± 0.03 - 5.9 ± 0.13), Cr (9.69 ± 0.14 - 10.07 ± 0.03), Cu (2.94 ± 0.72 - 4.53 ± 0.03) mg∙kg −1 . The roots accumulated the three heavy metals more than the shoot system at all treatments used. Concentration of arsenic, chromium and copper in the plants decreased with increasing percentage amendments. The results suggest relatively low bioavailability of the three metals in CCA soil treated with high percentages of sewage biosolid as an amendment.
In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity and Safety of the Aqueous Ethanolic Shoot Extracts of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn
(IJPPR, 2018-06-30) Odda, J.; Waako, P; Obua, C; Kabasa, J D
Background: Monoherbal aqueous shoot extracts of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae) is used in traditional medical practice in Tororo, Uganda to treat malaria fevers. Previous studies have demonstrated antibabesial, anti HIV, antibacterial, trypanosomal effects as well as antiplasmodial activity based on schizonts. However, there is hardly any study reporting the antiplasmodial activity on any part of P. amarus targeting trophozoites. Objective: To evaluate the In vivo antiplasmodial activity against trophozoites and safety of aqueous ethanolic shoot extracts of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. Materials and Method: Standard methods of extraction were used to obtain the crude extract as well as semi purified fraction from the study plant extract. Aqueous ethanolic shoot extracts of Phyllanthus amarus were tested for their In vivo antiplasmodial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected mice and evaluated by the standard 4- day suppressive test. Acute toxicity studies of Phyllanthus amarus was performed in at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics – Makerere University College of Health Sciences using established methods. Results revealed In vivo antiplasmodial activity with good suppression activity ranging from 53.40% to 69.46%. In toxicity tests, no mice died within 24 hours of exposure to the test drug at room temperature even at 5000 mg/Kg indicating that it is nontoxic. Conclusion: Aqueous - ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus shoot extract possesses useful In vivo antiplasmodial activity against trophozoites when used at doses that cause no marked toxicity in mice.